These two fully-grooved axes were collected from the White Cloud, Kansas area by antiquarian Mark E. Zimmerman (1866-1933). They were first housed at the Highland Mission (Iowa and Sac and Fox Mission) and came to the Kansas Historical Society in 1980. Axes such as these were made by pecking a hard stone into a rough shape then grinding and polishing it into its final state. The groove that completely (fully) encircles the axe was used to enable hafting the axe onto a handle. Fully-grooved axes often date to the Middle to Late Archaic period.